The Effect of Fermented Product from Bacillus subtilis on Lipid Fraction Contents of Broiler Carcass

U. Santoso
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abtract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented product from Bacillus subtilis (FPBS) on lipid fraction contents of broiler carcass. Forty female broilers were distributed to four treatment groups with 2 pens containing 5 broilers each. One group was not supplemented with FPBS as the control and the other three groups were supplemented with 0.5, 1 or 2% of FPBS, respectively. Diets contained 23.8% crude protein and 3.200 kcal/kg ME. Feed and water were given ad libitum. The results of this experiment showed that FPBS significantly reduced the contents of triglyceride, free cholesterol and phospholipids of carcass (P<0.01). In conclusion, FPBS had antitriglyceridemic and anticholesterolemic properties (J.Trop.Anim.Dev., 27 (3): 103-106).
Key words: fermented product, Bacillus subtilis, lipid fraction, carcass

The effect of fermented feces on growth, fat depotion and carcass quality in broiler chickens

U. Santoso, F. Nengsih, A. Rozal, J. Setianto and S. Kadarsih
Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Abstract. The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of fermented feces on growth, fat deposition and carcass quality in broiler chickens. Randomized completely factorial design (2 x 2) was used to evaluate the level of feces feeding [10% (L1) or 15% (L2) inclusion to diet] and the level of EM4 to ferment feces [0 (E0), 1.2 (E1) or 6.0 ml/100 g feces (E2)]. Experimental results showed that level of feces feeding had no effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05), but it significantly increased feed intake (P<0.05). EM4 level had no effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio, but it significantly increased feed intake (P<0.01). Feeding 10% feces fermented by 1.2 ml EM4 had the lowest mortality. Level of feces feeding had no effect on abdominal fat, carcass weight, carcass percentage, cooking loss, meat bone ratio and drumstick circle. EM4 level also had no effect on those variables. EM4 level significantly increased carcass and meat color (P<0.01), meat taste (P<0.01), and significantly reduced meat smell (P0.05). In conclusion, feeding 1.2 ml EM4 fermented feces at level of 10% resulted in the best performance. Fermented feces resulted in better carcass quality as compared with those of unfermented feces with no effect on abdominal fat deposition (J. Indon. Trop. Anim. Agric., 29 (1): 27-32, 2004.

Key words: EM4, layer faeces, fermentation, performance, carcass quality

Effect of fermented product from Bacillus subtilis on feed conversion efficiency, lipid accumulation and ammonia production in broiler chicks

U. Santoso1, K. Tanaka2, S. Ohtani3 and M. Sakaida4
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia
2Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
3 Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan
4 Japan Biotics Company, Japan

Abstract. This study investigated the effect of fermented product from Bacillus subtilis (FPBS) on feed conversion efficiency, fat accumulation and ammonia production in broiler chicks. Sixty female broilers (strain Chunky, 7-day old) were divided into four groups and raised in individual cages. One group was fed a commercial diet without supplementation of FPBS as the control and the other groups were fed commercial diets containing FPBS, either 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0%, for 21 days from 7 to 28 days of age. Water and feed were given ad libitum. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly improved in chicks supplemented with 0.5 or 1% of FPBS as compared with the control (P<0.05). The activities of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, and contents of triglyceride and cholesterol in the liver were significantly decreased in treatment groups (P<0.05) as compared with the control group. FPBS has no effect on the concentration of plasma triglyceride, phospholipids and cholesterol. Feeding FPBS at 1% or 2% levels reduced ammonia gas release (P<0.05). The inclusion of FPBS at 1% level may be recommended both to improve production efficiency and to reduce air pollution caused by ammonia gas release. For production efficiency to reach maximal profit, the inclusion of FPBS at 0.5% level can be recommended. Feeding FPBS reduced fat accumulation in the liver (Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 14 (3): 333-337).

Key words: Fermented product, Bacillus subtilis, feed conversion efficiency, ammonia gas release, lipid accumulation.

Chemical composition change in layers faeces fermented with effective microorganisms

U. Santoso, D. Kurniawati and J. Setianto
Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Abstract. The present study was conducted to evaluate a change in the chemical composition of layer faeces when it was fermented with commercial effective microorganisms (EM4). The experiment involved six treatment groups in which layer faeces were fermented with 0 ml (P0), 1.2 ml (P1), 2.4 ml (P2), 3.6 ml (P3), 4.8 ml (P4) or 6 ml (P5) commercial EM4 per 100 gram faeces. A faeces sample were then fermented at anaerobic condition for 4 days under room temperature. Fermented faeces were then dried at 55oC for 2 days, grounded, and stored in asealed plastic bag before subjected to proximate analysis. The energy content of faeces was calculated from proximate analysis. Experimental results showed that effective microorganism fermentation significantly (P<0.05) reduced crude fiber and protein of faeces (P<0.01), and significantly increased fat (P<0.05), nitrogen free extract (P<0.01), energy (P<0.01) and ash content (P<0.05) of faeces. Moisture was not significantly affected by fermentation. The weights of dry matter (P<0.05) and organic matter (P<0.01) of faeces were significantly reduced by effective microorganism fermentation. In conclusion, the fermentation by EM4 was effective to increase ash, nitrogen free extract and energy of faeces but it was not effective to increase the protein content of faeces (Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan, 2004, 7 (3): 90-93).

Key words: layer faeces, effective microorganism, crude fiber, energy, protein

Effect of dried Bacillus subtilis culture on growth, body compotion and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity in female broiler chicks

U. Santoso1, K. Tanaka2 and S. Ohtani
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia
2 Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan

Abstract. To investigate the effect of dried Bacillus subtilis culture on growth, body composition and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity, female broiler chicks were fed on either no additive (control) or dried B. subtilis culture supplemented commercial diets (215 g crude protein/kg, 12.85 MJ metabolizable energy/kg) at 10 or 20 g/kg diet for 28 d from 14 to 42 d of age. Body weight, and moisture, fat, protein and ash contents of the body were not influenced by the B. subtilis culture. Feed efficiency, N utilization, the ratio of abdominal fat or liver to body weight, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) activity, liver and serum cholesterol contents were significantly lower in treatment groups, while fatty acid synthetase activity and serum cholesterol concentration were not significantly different, compared with the control group. Liver triacylglycerol concentration was decreased in chicks given 20 g culture/kg diet, while serum and carcass triacylglycerol concentrations were significantly lower in treatment groups than in the control group. Serum phospholipids concentration was increased but carcass phospholipids concentration was decreased in chicks given 20 g B. subtilis/kg diet, while liver phospholipids concentration was not significantly influenced. The advantages of inclusion of B. subtilis to the broiler diet included improved feed efficiency, less abdominal fat, reduced triacylglycerol concentrations in the liver, serum and carcass and reduced cholesterol concentrations in the liver and carcass (British Journal of Nutrition (1995), 74: 523-529.

Key words: Bacillus subtilis culture, feed efficiency, abdominal fat, cholesterol, triacylglycerol

Effect of Fermented Chub Mackerel Extract on Lipid Metabolism of Diabetic Rats

U. SANTOSO*, S. ISHIKAWA and K. TANAKA
Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

ABSTRACT. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. Four week-old male Wistar rats were divided into three groups based on weight. All rats were induced with diabetes mellitus by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 45 mg/kg body weight. Thereafter, they were randomly distributed to three treatments with 7 rats assigned to each treatment. One group was the control with no additive, and two-treatment groups were given the purified diets supplemented with 1% or 2% FCME. Experimental results showed that in comparison with the control, diabetic rats fed FCME increased feed intake (p<0.01) and body weight gain (p<0.05). FCME inclusion significantly reduced the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (p<0.05) in diabetic rats. FCME significantly increased cholesterol 7alfa-hydroxylase with no effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity. FCME had no effect on hepatic triglyceride, free cholesterol and phospholipid. FCME inclusion at 1% level significantly reduced serum triglyceride. FCME significantly increased HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) with no effect on LDL + VLDL-cholesterol, and significantly reduced atherogenic index. FCME did not significantly affect serum insulin and glucose concentration. In conclusion, FCME supplementation altered lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. FCME supplementation reduced the risk of atherosclerosis in diabetic rats (research report, 1995).
Key words: Fermented chub mackerel extract, lipid metabolism, diabetic rat

Effect of fermented chub mackerel extract on lipid metabolism of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet

U. Santoso*, S. Ishikawa and K. Tanaka
Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract. The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipi metabolism of rats fed a diet supplemented wit 1% cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 15 rats with 0, 1% or 2% FCME supplementation. In comparison with control, rats fed 2% FCME showed reduction of activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P<0.05), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (P<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (P<0.01). Rats fed 2% FCME also showed reduction in free cholesterol in the liver (P<0.05), and in the concentration of free cholesterol (P<0.05), LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (P<0.05), triglyceride (P<0.01) and phospholipids (P<0.01 in the plasma. Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups as compared with control group. Atherogenic index was also significantly lower in rats fed 1% or fed 2% supplemented diet, whereas bile acid in feces was not significantly affected. The current study showed that 2% inclusion level of fermented chub mackerel extract might have hypolipidemic properties (Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 2000, 13 (4): 516-520.

Key words: Fermented chub mackerel extract, hig cholesterol diet, lipid metabolism, atherogenic index

Effect of fermented chub mackerel extract on lipid metabolism of rats fed diets without cholesterol

U. Santoso*, S. Ishikawa and K. Tanaka
Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Bioresources and Bioproduction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abtract. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism in rats fed diets without cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats with 0, 1 or 2% FCME supplementation to the diets. Ourified diets were used in the present study. Feed and water were fed ad libitum. FCME supplementation had no effect on the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, and the content of free cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids in the liver (P>0.05). 1% FCME supplementation significantly increased serum triglyceride (P<0.05) and hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity (P<0.05) with no effect on serum total cholesterol, free cholesterol and phospholipids concentration. FCME supplementation significantly reduced serum LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (P<0.01) and atherogenic index (P<0.01) with no effect on HDL-cholesterol. The current study showed that FCME inclusion might reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in rats fed diet without cholesterol (Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 2001, 14 (4): 535-539.

Key words: Fermented chub mackerel extract, lipid metabolism, rats

Effects of fermented products from the chub mackerel on growth, and on lipogenesis and contents of various lipids in the liver of growing chicks

K. Tanaka, B. S. Youn, S. Ohtani and M. Sakaida
Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan

Abstract. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary fermented products from the chub mackerel on contents of various lipid fractions in the liver and the plasma, and on activities of lipogenic-related enzymes in the liver of growing chicks. Forty chicks (SCWL male, 4 weeks of age) were weighed individually and divided into five groups of eaight chicks each, which were fed the diet containing either 0 (control group), 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 2% with fermented products from the chub mackerel (chub mackerel extracts). Chicks were fed the experimental diets for 21 days. Dietary chub mackerel extracts improved body weight gains of chicks. Abdominal fat weights were significantly decreased by the addition of 1.0 or 2.0% chub mackerel extracts. The 1.0 or 2% extracts to the diet showed the tendency of decreases in the triglyceride and free cholesterol concentrations in the plasma of chicks. When 1.0 or 2.0% chub mackerel extract was supplemented to the diet, the triglyceride and free cholesterol contents in the liver of chicks were significantly decreased. Similarly, the addition of more than 0.5% extracts to the diet caused significantly reduction in the cholesterol in the liver of chicks. Activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the liver of chicks tended to be decreased and were significantly decreased by the addition of 1.0 or 2% chub mackerel extracts to the diet (Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci., 61 (12): 1102-1106, 1990.

Key words: chub mackerel extract, growing chick, lipogenesis, HMG-CoA reductase

Effects of fermented products from chub mackerel extract on growth and carcass composition, hepatic lipogenesis and on contents of various lipid fractions in the liver and the thigh muscle of broilers

K. Tanaka, B. S. Youn, U. Santoso*, S. Ohtani and M. Sakaida
Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, 501-11 Japan
*Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Bengkulu Indonesia

Abstract. The present experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fermented products from chub mackerel extracts (fermented mackerel extracts) on growth, carcass composition, contents of various lipid fractions in the liver, the serum, and the thigh muscle, and activities of lipogenic-related enzymes in the liver of broilers. Fermented mackerel extracts supplementation resulted ini an insignificant slight increase in final body weights of broilers. Fermented mackerel extract did not affect liver weights, but abdominal fat weights of female broilers were significantly decreased by the addition of 2.0% fermented mackerel extracts. Lipid fraction contents of the serum and the liver of broilers were unaffected by fermented mackerel extracts. Triglyceride and free cholesterol contents of the thigh muscle of broilers were significantly decreased or tended to be decreased by adding 1.0 or 2.0% fermented mackerel extracts. Activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and faftty acid synthetase in the liver were not affected by dietary feremented mackerel extracts. However, activities of malic enzyme, citrate cleavage enzyme and HMG-CoA reductase in the liver were significantly decreased by 1.0 or 2.0% fertmented mackerel extracts. Dietary fermented mackerel extracts tended to decrease the proportion of crude fat and to increase that of moisture in broiler carcasses (Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn), 63 (1): 32-37, 1992

Key words: chub mackerel extracts, broilers, hepatic lipogenesis, carcass composition, abdominal fat